Excerpt from PIGSKIN WARRIORS: 140 YEARS OF THE GAMES GREATEST ...

FIELD GENERALS

THE GHREATEST COACHES

1. Paul "Bear" Bryant

2. Knute Rockne

3. Bud Wilkinson

4. Joe Paterno

5. Frank Leahy

6. Bobby Bowden

7. John McKay

8. Woody Hayes

9. Howard "Head Man" Jones

10. Eddie Robinson

11. Glenn "Pop" Warner

12. Earl "Red" Blaik

13. Ara Parseghian

14. Bob Neyland

15. Amos Alonzo" Stagg

16. Tom Osborne

17. John Heisman

18. Darrell Royal

19. Barry Switzer

20. Walter Camp

21. Fielding "Hurry Up" Yost

22. Wallace Wade

23. Bo Schembechler,

24. Bobby Dodd

25. Bob Devaney

26. Vince Dooley

27. Pete Carroll

28. Bernie Bierman

29. Jock Sutherland

30. Don James

31. Bob Zuppke

32. Frank Thomas

33. Lou Holtz

34. Jimmie Johnson

35. Gil Dobie

36. Johnny Majors

37. Frank Kush

38. LaVell Edwards

39. Hayden Dry

40. Andy Smith

41. Frank Broyles

42. Duffy Daugherty

43. Fritz Crisler

44. Red Sanders

45. Jim Tressel

Joe Paterno as good as Bobby Bowden have won some-more games. So did Gramblings Eddie Robinson. Bama supporters explain he won "six inhabitant championships" as good as was "robbed" of the seventh. He won 4 legitimately; got propitious with dual of them, competence have been robbed of the one, simply could have had an additional the single or two. He has his detractors. There have been those who contend he integrated as good late in the game; he mumbled; he was as good difficult upon his players; he was treasured similar to the non-believer god.

Winningest coaches (through 2004)

Eddie Robinson of Grambling has 408 wins in the "college division." Bobby Bowden of Florida State upheld Joe Paterno of Penn State with his 339th career victory in 2003. Bear Bryant upheld the ! prior re cord-holder, Amoz Alonzo Stagg, timid in 1982 with 323 wins.

Say what we will, Paul "Bear" Bryant is the greatest college football manager of all time. Start off with the actuality which he was the many appropriate manager Texas A&M ever had, prior to he took over during Alabama in 1958. His Junction Boys have been legend. He coached during Maryland, too. Then he returned to his alma mater, the propagandize where he had starred as an finish opposite the good Don Hutson upon the Crimson Tides 1934 inhabitant championship team.

Bryant did it with teamwork, substantially some-more so than any other. Most of the good coaches had fabulous players. Alabama positively had talent, yet either it was by design or not, they were regularly called "gritty . . . small guys . . . tough." His the single loyal superstar, Joe Willie Namath, would have won Alabamas usually Heisman Trophy in 1964 had he not harmed himself in the seventh diversion of which star-crossed season.

Career winning percentage - coaches

Rk Coach Yrs W L T Pct

1 Knute Rockne 13 105 twelve 5 .881

2 Frank Leahy 13 107 13 9 .864

3 George Woodruff twelve 142 25 2 .846

4 Barry Switzer 16 157 29 4 .837

5 Tom Osborne 25 255 49 3 .836

6 Percy Haughton 13 96 17 6 .832

7 Robert Neyland twenty-one 173 31 twelve .829

8 Hurry Up Yost 29 196 36 twelve .828

9 Phillip Fulmer 10 95 20 0 .826

10 Bud Wilkinson 17 145 29 4 .826

11 Jock Sutherland 20 144 28 14 .812

12 Bob Devaney 16 136 30 7 .806

13 Frank Thomas 19 141 33 9 .795

14 Henry Williams 23 141 34 twelve .786

15 Gil Dobie 33 180 45 15 .781

16 Paul "Bear" Bryant 38 323 85 17 .780

17 Fred Folsom 19 106 28 6 .779

18 Bobby Bowden 36 323 91 4 .778

19 Steve Spurrier 15 142 40 2 .777

20 Bo Schembechler 27 234 65 8 .775

21 Joe Paterno 36 327 97 3 .769

22 Fritz Crisler 18 116 32 9 .76! 8

23 Charley Moran 18 122 33 twelve .766

24 Wallace Wade 24 171 49 10 .765

25 Frank Kush 22 176 54 1 .764

This book has gone to good lengths in pointing out the "illegitimacy" of Bamas 1964 as good as 1973 "national championships," formed upon the logical grounds that, well, fool around games count for something. Take those away as good as The Bear is still the best. His 1961 as good as 1979 champions were unbeaten, consensus winners; the 1979 Tide the single of the many appropriate in history. His 1966 organisation competence have been his best, yet they did not win during the polls in the year of controversy. His 1965 organisation benefited from the one-year loophole in the AP choosing by casting votes tactics to constraint the title. His 1978 organisation mislaid to USC during home, yet still common the inhabitant championship with the Trojans. The 1974, 1975 as good as 1977 Crimson Tide could usually as simply have been the champions as the teams which were voted series one. His 1973 squad was the juggernaut. Perhaps it was this organisation which says everything which needs be pronounced about Bear, football as good as America.

Just the couple of years earlier, segregation was still practiced. Only the couple of years before, "it was the law of the land," settled Mississippi State manager Sylvester Croom. In 1973, Alabama ventured in to the Sugar Bowl for the New Years Eve fight with Notre Dame, yet all the political stories which competence have manifested itself faded in to oblivion amidst good on-field drama. There was small fanfare connected with the actuality which Alabama was right away as integrated as Notre Dame, with the likes of organisation captain Wilbur Jackson, John Mitchell, as good as Croom. The announcers finished no discuss of it. The fans could caring less. It was hardly noticeable, if during all. A change had cleared over America in what, upon reflection, seems to have been the miraculous manner.

Jackson was the comparison in 1973. In ! the tumb le of 1970 he entered the school, the initial recruited, grant African-American football player. There had been the couple of tokens as good as photo-ops prior to him, yet he was the groundbreaker. Bryant had moved Heaven as good as Earth to have certain it would run smoothly. Some contend he let his organisation be smoked by USC for the express role of paving the approach for Jackson. In 1973, the eight black players upon the Bama register were still the distinct minority, yet Jackson was still voted team, captain.

A spectacle had taken place. Slow to integrate? Maybe. A genius who got it finished usually right when he eventually did it? That was Bryant.

Career victories coaches

Rk Coach Yrs W L T Pct

1 Paul "Bear" Bryant 38 323 85 17 .780

2 Joe Paterno 35 322 90 3 .780

3 Pop Warner 44 319 106 32 .733

4 Bobby Bowden 35 315 87 4 .781

5 Amos Alonzo Stagg 57 314 199 35 .605

6 Lavell Edwards 29 257 101 3 .722

7 Tom Osborne 25 255 49 3 .836

8 Woody Hayes 33 238 72 10 .759

9 Bo Schembechler 27 234 65 8 .775

10 Hayden Fry 37 232 178 10 .564

11 Lou Holtz 29 224 110 7 .667

12 Jess Neely 40 207 176 19 .539

13 Warren Woodson 31 203 95 14 .673

14 Don Nehlen 30 202 128 8 .609

15 Vince Dooley 25 201 77 10 .715

Eddie Anderson 39 201 128 15 .606

17 Jim Sweeney 32 200 154 4 .564

18 Dana X. Bible 33 198 72 23 .715

19 Dan McGugin 30 197 55 19 .762

20 Hurry Up Yost 29 196 36 twelve .828

21 Howard Jones 29 194 64 twenty-one .733

22 John Cooper 24 192 84 6 .691

23 Johnny Vaught 25 190 61 twelve .745

24 George Welsh 28 189 132 4 .588

25 John Heisman 36 185 70 17 .711

Johnny Majors 29 185 137 10 .572

Perhaps Bryant could have used his powers to bring blacks in to the Southeastern Conference in 1963, when they were certified to the university underneath the force of! federal order. That had occurred opposite the protests of Governor George Wallace, as good as with the assist of gun-wielding troops.

But Bryant was prudent as good as patient. He did it his approach as good as upon his timetable, even yet the legal case as good as advocacy groups pressured him. In the end, story judges which he handled it as many appropriate as it could be handled. He did it with John McKay, his good crony as good as fellow manager during Southern California. McKay as good as Bryant were dual of the kind; good ol boys from the South (McKay hailing from West Virginia) who favourite to lift the cork, track as good as enjoyed the association of men.

But McKay had left West Virginia early. A rare Catholic in which state, his family had once undured the blazing cross upon their lawn, pleasantness of the internal KKK. Bryant accepted this, too. He was as poor growing up as the black folks in Fordyce, Alabama. He befriended them, accepted their plight, sided with the underdog. Later, he played golf with presidents, drank with celebrities, yet his roots in Fordyce were never forgotten.

National Champions

This list of inhabitant champions (1869-2006) differs somewhat from the inhabitant champions during the beginning of this book, which endeavors to have make use of of all the modern resources story allows us to establish the bona fide series the single organisation in college football year-by-year. Most of the chronological rankings did not take in to account fool around games; wins, losses, as good as those not played in.

In the following list of champions, supposing for purposes of identifying the coaches, consensus winners have been shown first, if there was the consensus. Other winners have been shown afterward, with the selector(s) in parentheses. A -T after the selector indicates which dual or some-more teams were scored similarly in which poll.

The key to the selectors:

AF = American Football Coaches Association !

A P = Asssociated Press

CF = College Football Researchers Association

Di = Dickenson

Du = Dunkel

FW = Football Writers Association of America

HF = Helms Athletic Foundation

IN = International News Service

Li = Litkenhous

NC = National Championship Foundation

NF = National Football Foundation

UP = United Press/UP International

Wi = Williamson

Note: Records embody fool around games

Year School Record Coach

1869 Princeton 1-1-0

1870 Princeton 1-0-0

1871 No games played this year

1872 Princeton 1-0-0

1873 Princeton 1-0-0

1874 Yale 3-0-0

1875 Princeton (CF) 2-0-0

Harvard (NC) 4-0-0

1876 Yale 3-0-0

1877 Yale 3-0-1

1878 Princeton 6-0-0

1879 Princeton 4-0-1

1880 Yale (CF) 4-0-1

Princeton (NC) 4-0-1

1881 Yale 5-0-1

1882 Yale 8-0-0

1883 Yale 8-0-0

1884 Yale 8-0-1

1885 Princeton 9-0-0

1886 Yale 9-0-1

1887 Yale 9-0-0

1888 Yale 13-0-0

1889 Princeton 10-0-0

1890 Harvard 11-0-0 G. Stewart/G. Adams

1891 Yale 13-0-0 Walter Camp

1892 Yale 13-0-0 Walter Camp

1893 Princeton 11-0-0

1894 Yale 16-0-0 William C. Rhodes

1895 Penn 14-0-0 George W. Woodruff

1896 Princeton (CF) 10-0-1

Lafayette (NC) 11-0-1

1897 Penn 15-0-0 George W. Woodruff

1898 Harvard 11-0-0 W. Cameron Forbes

1899 Princeton (CF) 12-1-0

Harvard (NC, HF) 10-0-1 Benjamin H. Dibblee

1900 Yale 12-0-0 Malcolm McBride

1901 Harvard (CF) 12-0-0 Bill Reid

Michigan (NC, HF) 11-0-0 Hurry Up Yost

1902 Michigan 11-0-0 Hurry Up Yost

1903 Princeton 11-0-0 Art Hillebrand

1904 Penn (CF, HF) 12-0-0 Carl Williams

Michigan (NC) 10-0-0 Hurry Up Yost

1905! Chicago 10-0-0 Amos Alonzo Stagg

1906 Princeton 9-0-1 Bill Roper

1907 Yale 9-0-1 Bill Knox

1908 Penn (CF, HF) 11-0-1 Sol Metzger

LSU (NC) 10-0-0 Edgar Wingard

1909 Yale 12-1-0 Howard Jones

1910 Harvard (CF, HF) 8-0-1 Percy Haughton

Pittsburgh (NC) 9-0-0 Joe Thompson

1911 Princeton (CF, HF) 8-0-2 Bill Roper

Penn St. (NC) 8-0-1 Bill Hollenback

1912 Harvard (CF, HF) 9-0-0 Percy Haughton

Penn St. (NC) 8-0-0 Bill Hollenback

1913 Harvard 9-0-0 Percy Haughton

1914 Army 9-0-0 Charles Daly

1915 Cornell 9-0-0 Al Sharpe

1916 Pittsburgh 8-0-0 Pop Warner

1917 Georgia Tech 9-0-0 John Heisman

1918 Pittsburgh (CF, HF) 4-1-0 Pop Warner

Michigan (NC) 5-0-0 Hurry Up Yost

1919 Harvard (CF-T, HF) 9-0-1 Bob Fisher

Illinois (CF-T) 6-1-0 Bob Zuppke

Notre Dame (NC) 9-0-0 Knute Rockne

1920 California 9-0-0 Andy Smith

1921 California (CF) 9-0-1 Andy Smith

Cornell (NC, HF) 8-0-0 Gil Dobie

1922 Princeton (CF) 8-0-0 Bill Roper

California (NC) 9-0-0 Andy Smith

Cornell (HF) 8-0-0 Gil Dobie

1923 Illinois (CF, HF) 8-0-0 Bob Zuppke

Michigan (NC) 8-0-0 Hurry Up Yost

1924 Notre Dame 10-0-0 Knute Rockne

1925 Alabama (CF, HF) 10-0-0 Wallace Wade

Dartmouth (Di) 8-0-0 Jesse Hawley

1926 Alabama (CF, HF) 9-0-1 Wallace Wade

Stanford (Di) 10-0-1 Pop Warner

1927 Yale (CF) 7-1-0 Tad Jones

Illinois (NC, HF, Di) 7-0-1 Bob Zuppke

1928 Georgia Tech (CF, NC, HF) 10-0-0 Bill Alexander

Southern California (Di) 9-0-1 Howard Jones

1929 Notre Dame 9-0-0 Knute Rockne

1930 Alabama (CF) 10-0-0 Wallace Wade

1930 Notre Dame (NC, HF, Di, Du) 10-0-0 Knute Rockne

1931 Southern California 10-1-0 Howard Jones

1932 Southern California (CF, NC, H! F, Du, W i)

10-0-0 Howard Jones

Michigan (Di) 8-0-0 Harry Kipke

1933 Michigan (CF, NC, HF, Di) 8-0-0 Harry Kipke

Ohio State (Du) 7-1-0 Sam Williman

Southern Cal (Wi) 10-1-1 Howard Jones

1934 Minnesota 8-0-0 Bernie Bierman

Alabama (Du, Wi) 9-0-0 Frank Thomas

1935 Minnesota (CF, NC, HF, Li) 8-0-0 Bernie Bierman

Southern Methodist (Di) 12-1-0 Matty Bell

Princeton (Du) 9-0-0 Fritz Crisler

Louisiana St. (Wi) 9-2-0 Bernie Moore

1936 Minnesota 7-1-0 Bernie Bierman

Louisiana St. (Wi) 9-1-1 Bernie Moore

1937 Pittsburgh 9-0-1 Jock Sutherland

California (Du) 10-0-1 Stub Allison

1938 TCU 11-0-0 Dutch Meyer

Notre Dame (Di) 8-1-0 Elmer Layden

Tennessee (Li) 11-0-0 Robert Neyland

1939 Texas AM 11-0-0 Homer Norton

Cornell (Li) 8-0-0 Carl Snavely

1940 Minnesota 8-0-0 Bernie Bierman

Tennessee (Du, Wi) 10-0-0 Robert Neyland

1941 Minnesota 8-0-0 Bernie Bierman

Texas (Wi) 8-1-1 Dana X. Bible

1942 Ohio St. 9-1-0 Paul Brown

Georgia (Li, Wi) 11-1-0 Wally Butts

1943 Notre Dame 9-1-0 Frank Leahy

1944 Army 9-0-0 Red Blaik

1945 Army 9-0-0 Red Blaik

1946 Notre Dame 8-0-1 Frank Leahy

Georgia (Wi) 11-0-0 Wally Butts

1947 Notre Dame 9-0-0 Frank Leahy

Michigan (Du, Li, Wi) 10-0-0 Fritz Crisler

1948 Michigan 9-0-0 Bennie Oosterbaan

Notre Dame (Wi) 9-0-1 Frank Leahy

1949 Notre Dame 10-0-0 Frank Leahy

1950 Oklahoma 10-1-0 Bud Wilkinson

Tennessee (Du, Li) 11-1-0 Robert Neyland

1951 Tennessee 10-0-0 Robert Neyland

Maryland (Du) 10-0-0 Jim Tatum

1952 Michigan St. (AP, UP) 9-0-0 Biggie Munn

Georgia Tech (IN) 12-0-0 Bobby Dodd

1953 Maryland 10-1-0 Jim Tatum

1954 Ohio St. (AP, IN) 10-0-0 Woody Hayes

UCLA! (UP, FW ) 9-0-0 Red Sanders

1955 Oklahoma 11-0-0 Bud Wilkinson

1956 Oklahoma 10-0-0 Bud Wilkinson

1957 Auburn (AP) 10-0-0 Shug Jordan

Ohio St. (UP, FW, IN) 9-1-0 Woody Hayes

1958 LSU (AP, UP) 11-0-0 Paul Dietzel

Iowa (FW) 8-1-1 Forest Evashevski

1959 Syracuse 11-0-0 Ben Schwartzwalder

1960 Minnesota (AP, UP, NF) 8-2-0 Murray Warmath

Mississippi (FW) 10-0-1 Johnny Vaught

1961 Alabama (AP, UP, NF) 11-0-0 Paul "Bear" Bryant

Ohio St. (FW) 8-0-1 Woody Hayes

1962 Southern California 11-0-0 John McKay

1963 Texas 11-0-0 Darrell Royal

1964 Alabama (AP, UP), 10-1-0 Paul "Bear" Bryant

Arkansas (FW) 11-0-0 Frank Broyles

Notre Dame (NF) 9-1-0 Ara Parseghian

1965 Alabama (AP, FW-T) 9-1-1 Paul "Bear" Bryant

Michigan St. (UP, NF, FW-T) 10-1-0 Duffy Daugherty

1966 Notre Dame (AP, UP, FW, NF-T)

9-0-1 Ara Parseghian

Michigan St. (NF-T) 9-0-1 Duffy Daugherty

1967 Southern California 10-1-0 John McKay

1968 Ohio St. 10-0-0 Woody Hayes

1969 Texas 11-0-0 Darrell Royal

1970 Nebraska (AP, FW) 11-0-1 Bob Devaney

Texas (UP, NF-T), 10-1-0 Darrell Royal

Ohio St. (NF-T) 9-1-0 Woody Hayes

1971 Nebraska 13-0-0 Bob Devaney

1972 Southern California 12-0-0 John McKay

1973 Notre Dame (AP, FW, NF) 11-0-0 Ara Parseghian

Alabama (UP) 11-1-0 Paul "Bear" Bryant

1974 Oklahoma (AP) 11-0-0 Barry Switzer

Southern California (UP, FW, NF)

10-1-1 John McKay

1975 Oklahoma 11-1-0 Barry Switzer

1976 Pittsburgh 12-0-0 Johnny Majors

1977 Notre Dame 11-1-0 Dan Devine

1978 Alabama (AP, FW, NF) 11-1-0 Paul "Bear" Bryant

Southern California (UP) 12-1-0 John Robinson

1979 Alabama 12-0-0 Paul "Bear" Bryant

1980 Georgia 12-0-0 Vince Dooley

1981 Clemson 12-0-0 ! Danny Fo rd

1982 Penn St. 11-1-0 Joe Paterno

1983 Miami (FL) 11-1-0 H. Schnellenberger

1984 BYU 13-0-0 Lavell Edwards

1985 Oklahoma 11-1-0 Barry Switzer

1986 Penn St. 12-0-0 Joe Paterno

1987 Miami (FL) 12-0-0 Jimmy Johnson

1988 Notre Dame 12-0-0 Lou Holtz

1989 Miami (FL) 11-1-0 Dennis Erickson

1989 Miami (FL) 11-1-0 Dennis Erickson

1990 Colorado (AP, FW, NF) 11-1-1 Bill McCartney

Georgia Tech (UP) 11-0-1 Bobby Ross

1991 Miami (FL) (AP) 12-0-0 Dennis Erickson

Washington (USA, FW, NF) 12-0-0 Don James

1992 Alabama 13-0-0 Gene Stallings

1993 Florida St. 12-1-0 Bobby Bowden

1994 Nebraska 13-0-0 Tom Osborne

1995 Nebraska 12-0-0 Tom Osborne

1996 Florida 12-1 Steve Spurrier

1997 Michigan (AP, FW, NF) 12-0 Lloyd Carr

Nebraska (ESPN/USA) 13-0 Tom Osborne

1998 Tennessee 13-0 Phillip Fulmer

1999 Florida St. 12-0 Bobby Bowden

2000 Oklahoma 13-0 Bob Stoops

2001 Miami (FL) 12-0 Larry Coker

2002 Ohio St. 14-0 Jim Tressel

2003 Southern Cal. (AP) 12-1 Pete Carroll

TIE Louisiana St. (ESPN/USA) 13-1 Nick Saban

2004 Southern Cal. 13-0 Pete Carroll

2005 Texas 13-0 Mack Brown

2006 Florida 13-1 Urban Meyer

McKay became "liberalized" by World War II as good as the University of Oregon, where he became the "star" among West Coast assistants. McKay was hired underneath manager Don Clark during USC, as good as after the 1959 deteriorate was chosen ahead of . . . Al Davis (who campaigned difficult for the job) to replace Clark. McKay kept many of his staff. Knowing Davis was not the "second fiddle" type, he did not keep him. The rest is history. McKay built USC behind after the couple decades in which their luster had tarnished. He did it mostly by recruiting the good black players in the Los Angeles area, as good as the many appropria! te black s from the South who were unable to fool around in their home regions unless they opted for the traditional black colleges such as Grambling. McKays plan was identical to which of his contemporary, UCLA basketball manager John Wooden (although their styles differed greatly). Each built powerhouse programs by receiving value of integration when many of their competitors for inhabitant leverage could not.

McKay as good as Bryant met any year during California tall propagandize coaching clinics. One of them was the Diamond B camp, hold north of the Bay Area any year by Redwood High School manager Bob Troppmann. At the small point, Bryant finished the debate to the organisation of California tall propagandize football coaches.

"Send yer A students to Cal n Stanford," he drawled. "Send yer B students to UCLA as good as Southern Cal. Hell, Id sen my own kin there. Send yer C students to the single of yer excellent state universities er youth colleges. But send yer skirt-chasin, whiskey drinkin D students to ol Bear, as good as Ill spin em in to football players."

The throng laughed, since they knew he was talking about Joe Namath as good as Kenny Stabler. At the small point, substantially after the single of those speeches, Bear as good as McKay common the late-night cocktail. According to legend, they discussed how the football diversion in in in between McKays integrated Trojans opposite Bryants segregated Crimson Tide, played in front of the packaged house during Birminghams Legion Field, would have the effect of "opening eyes" to the actuality that, if Bama wanted to continue to contest with the USCs of the world, afterwards they needed to demeanour similar to the USCs of the world.

This fable is further accentuated by the actuality which the single of Coach Troppmanns teenage football players attended all those camps in Booneville, California as good as expected was sleeping in the circuitously cabin when Bryant as good as McKay were reckoning out how to change the world. That! teen wa s Pete Carroll. This story has been re-told several times, as good as in actuality Bob Troppmann, the modest man, insisted it "did not occur quite which way." No matter. It happened tighten enough to which way. Like an additional story, the the single about how Bryant pronounced Sam "Bam" Cunningham was "what the football player looks like," it competence be some-more of doubtful authenticity than pure truth, yet the essential fable of the legendary manager in perplexing times is as good good not to be true.

Bryants quarterback, Scott Hunter once pronounced which after USC whipped Alabama, 42-21 in the diversion McKay as good as his manager planned during Legion Field upon September 12, 1970, ol Bear never brought Cunningham in to the locker room, revelation the knocked about Tide he was "what the football player looks like.

But he should have," pronounced Hunter, laughing.

All-time career victories have been of impetus critical census data to have make use of of in perplexing to establish the "greatest" all-time college football coach, yet as in all things the organisation fool around for inhabitant championships. Bo Schembechler never won one. Woody Hayes won three, yet outrageous upsets in the last games of the 1969, 1970 as good as 1975 seasons (not to discuss the tie with Michigan in 1973) prevented him from winning 4 more.

Coach of the Year

The American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) began presenting the Coach of the Year Award in 1935 as good as the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) inaugurated the own endowment in 1950. In 1960, the AFCA added the second award, for the College Division Coach of the Year. When the NCAA divisional have up altered in 1983, the AFCA replaced the College Division endowment with 3 brand brand new awards, for Divisions I-AA, II, as good as III.

The Eddie Robinson Award was established by The Sports Network in 1987, to be presented to the Division I-AA football manager of the year. The endowm! ent is d eclared for the College Football Hall of Fame manager who late in 1997 after fifty-six years during Grambling State University.

The FWAA has confused the issue rather by fixing the own manager of the year endowment after Eddie Robinson.

AFCA Division I-A

Year Coach, School

1935 Lynn Waldorf, Northwestern

1936 Dick Harlow, Harvard

1937 Edward E. Mylin, Lafayette

1938 Bill Kern, Carnegie Tech

1939 Eddie Anderson, Iowa

1940 Clark Shaughnessy, Stanford

1941 Frank Leahy, Notre Dame

1942 Bill Alexander, Georgia Tech

1943 Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pacific

1944 Carroll Widdoes, Ohio State

1945 Bo McMillin, Indiana

1946 Red Blaik, Army

1947 Fritz Crisler, Michigan

1948 Bennie Oosterbaan, Michigan

1949 Bud Wilkinson, Oklahoma

1950 Charles Caldwell, Princeton

1951 Charles Taylor, Stanford

1952 Biggie Munn, Michigan State

1953 James Tatum, Maryland

1954 Red Sanders, UCLA

1955 Duffy Daugherty, Michigan State

1956 Bowden Wyatt, Tennessee

1957 Woody Hayes, Ohio State

1958 Paul Dietzel, Louisiana State

1959 Ben Schwartzwalder, Syracuse

1960 Murray Warmath, Minnesota

1961 Paul "Bear" Bryant, Alabama

1962 John McKay, Southern California

1963 Darrell Royal, Texas

1964 Frank Broyles, Arkansas

TIE Ara Parseghian, Notre Dame

1965 Tommy Prothro, UCLA

1966 Tom Cahill, Army

1967 John Pont, Indiana

1968 Joe Paterno, Penn State

1969 Bo Schembechler, Michigan

1970 Charlie McClendon, LSU

TIE Darrell Royal, Texas (tie)

1971 Paul "Bear" Bryant, Alabama

1972 John McKay, Southern California

1973 Paul "Bear" Bryant, Alabama

1974 Grant Teaff, Baylor

1975 Frank Kush, Arizona State

1976 Johnny Majors, Pittsburgh

1977 Don James, Washington

1978 Joe Paterno, Penn State

1979 Earle ! Bruce, O hio State

1980 Vince Dooley, Georgia

1981 Danny Ford, Clemson

1982 Joe Paterno, Penn State

1983 Ken Hatfield, Air Force

1984 Lavell Edwards, Brigham Young

1985 Fisher DeBerry, Air Force

1986 Joe Paterno, Penn State

1987 Dick MacPherson, Syracuse

1988 Don Nehlen, West Virginia

1989 Bill McCartney, Colorado

1990 Bobby Ross, Georgia Tech

1991 Bill Lewis, East Carolina

1992 Gene Stallings, Alabama

1993 Barry Alvarez, Wisconsin

1994 Tom Osborne,Nebraska

1995 Gary Barnett, Northwestern

1996 Bruce Snyder, Arizona State

1997 Lloyd Carr, Michigan

1998 Phil Fulmer, Tennessee

1999 Frank Beamer, Virginia Tech

2000 Bob Shoops, Oklahoma

2001 Ralph Friedgen, Maryland

TIE Larry Coker, Miami (FL)

2002 Jim Tressel, Ohio State

2003 Pete Carroll, Southern Cal

2004 Tommy Tuberville, Auburn

2005 Joe Paterno, Penn State

John McKay has usually the single such "close yet no cigar" moment. His teams took the couple of lumps, dissapoint the couple of apple carts, as good as regularly entertained, yet when they had the chance to tighten it out as good as finish series one, they got it finished in 1962, 1967, 1972 as good as 1974. On Jan 1, 1969 McKay squared off with Woody, coming out upon the losing end, 27-16. They played any alternative 3 some-more times, with McKay removing dual of them as good as receiving home the brass ring both times.

One year after the chronological diversion during Legion Field, Alabama entered the L.A. Coliseum with their initial black recruits, Wilbur Jackson as good as lineman declared John Mitchell. Mitchell grew up in Mobile, afterwards played youth college ball in Arizona. McKay went after him, afterwards bragged to Bear which he had gotten the blue chipper from underneath his nose. Bryant finished his approach to the phone during the golf club they were personification at, got Mitchell upon ! the phon e, put the "sell job" upon him, as good as incited the kid in to an Alabama recruit for 1971. On the games kickoff during the Coliseum, when Bama met USC in the re-match, Mitchell sprinted past McKay upon the sidelines. McKay incited to partner manager Craig Fertig, wryly stating, "Well, thats what we get."

Alabama won which day, 17-10.

"Bear won one, McKay won one," pronounced Fertig. "They shook hands. It was perfect."

FWAA Award

Year Coach, School

1957 Woody Hayes, Ohio St.

1958 Paul Dietzel, LSU

1959 Ben Schwartzwalder, Syracuse

1960 Murray Warmath, Minnesota

1961 Darrell Royal, Texas

1962 John McKay, USC

1963 Darrell Royal, Texas

1964 Ara Parseghian, Notre Dame

1965 Duffy Daugherty, Michigan St.

1966 Tom Cahill, Army

1967 John Pont, Indiana

1968 Woody Hayes, Ohio St.

1969 Bo Schembechler, Michigan

1970 Alex Agase, Northwestern

1971 Bob Devaney, Nebraska

1972 John McKay, USC

1973 Johnny Majors, Pitt

1974 Grant Teaff, Baylor

1975 Woody Hayes, Ohio St.

1976 Johnny Majors, Pitt

1977 Lou Holtz, Arkansas

1978 Joe Paterno, Penn St.

1979 Earle Bruce, Ohio St.

1980 Vince Dooley, Georgia

1981 Danny Ford, Clemson

1982 Joe Paterno, Penn St.

1983 Howard Schnellenberger, Miami-FL

1984 Lavell Edwards, BYU

1985 Fisher DeBerry, Air Force

1986 Joe Paterno, Penn St.

1987 Dick MacPherson, Syracuse

1988 Lou Holtz, Notre Dame

1989 Bill McCartney, Colorado

1990 Bobby Ross, Georgia Tech

1991 Don James, Washington

1992 Gene Stallings, Alabama

1993 Terry Bowden, Auburn

1994 Rich Brooks, Oregon

1995 Gary Barnett, Northwestern

1996 Bruce Snyder, Arizona St.

1997 Mike Price, Washington St.

1998 Phillip Fulmer, Tennessee

1999 Frank Beamer, Va. Tech

2000 Bob Stoops, Oklahom! a

2001 Ralph Friedgen, Maryland

2002 Jim Tressel, Ohio St.

2003 Nick Saban, LSU

2004 Urban Meyer, Utah

2005 Charlie Weis, Notre Dame

McKay will not arrange in story with Bryant. There is usually reason why: he took off for the NFL in 1976. Had he stayed during USC as good as gathered the same jot down as his successor, John Robinson (1976-1982), McKay competence good be deliberate the many appropriate manager ever. If he had stayed longer, good in to the 1980s, as good as if USC could have avoided the NCAA penalties which they were strike with in 1982, McKay competence have broken Staggs all-time win record.

The "what if?" diversion applies in subsequent to measure to Knute Rockne. As good as Bryant was, Rockne was the many successful football coach, pro or college, in American history. Obviously he knew the game, yet he was similarly adept during psychology as good as marketing. Rock went down in the craft crash in the spring of 1931. He was still in his early forties. Had he coached during Notre Dame an additional twenty or thirty years, compiling the same records as Elmer Layden as good as Frank Leahy, dual of his successful successors, his lifetime jot down would be though equal.

AFCA College Division

Year Coach, School

1960 Warren Woodson, New Mexico State

1961 Alonzo S. Gaither, Florida A&M

1962 William M. Edwards, Wittenberg

1963 William M. Edwards, Wittenberg

1964 Clarence Stasavich, East Carolina

1965 Jack Curtice, UC-Santa Barbara

1966 Dan Jessee, Trinity College

1967 A.C. Moore, UT-Chattanooga

1968 Jim Root, New Hampshire

1969 Larry Naviaux, Boston University

1970 Bennie Ellender, Arkansas State

1971 Tubby Raymond, Delaware

1972 Tubby Raymond, Delaware

1973 Dave Maurer, Wittenberg

1974 Roy Kramer, Central Michigan

1975 Dave Maurer, Wittenberg

1976 Jim Dennison, Akron

1977 Bill M! anlove, Widener

1978 Lee Tressel, Baldwin-Wallace

1979 Bill Narduzzi, Youngstown State

1980 Rick Carter, Dayton

1981 Vito Ragazzo, Shippensburg State

1982 Jim Wacker, Southwest Texas State

Rock did it though carrying the real home margin advantage. In sequence to house Notre Dames appeal, they played their biggest games away from the friendly 30,000-seat facility upon campus. This meant the Polo Grounds, Yankee Stadium, Soldier Field, the L.A. Coliseum; outrageous arenas which hold 70,000, 100,000. Notre Dame Stadium was built underneath his auspices, yet he usually coached the single deteriorate there (1930). Rocknes death in the 1931 craft crash is pronounced to have actually inspired origination of the Federal Aviation Administration. Rockne goes down in story as usually those who die young can. He was the James Dean, the Marilyn Monroe, the JFK type of figure; incomparable than life. He did not grow old, forced to fend off the increasingly scientific questions of sportswriters wanting to know if George Gipp really did tell him to "win the single for the Gipper," or any of the alternative fables of Irish football lore.

Rockne won 3 inhabitant championships, yet could have won more. His 1919 organisation gets the small recognition, nonetheless it is not generally noticed as the loyal champion of which season. The same goes for his dominant 1920 squad. History accords the initial of Californias "Wonder Teams" to be the inhabitant champion which season. One adds these dual years to the possibility of Rockne winning in 1931 (if he holds off USC as Hunk Andersons organisation was unable to) or in 1938 (when usually the last-game shutout detriment to the Trojans prevented Elmer Laydens Irish from finishing series one). Nobody could have finished it improved than Frank Leahy in the 1940s (four inhabitant titles), yet it is not the stretch to believe which had Rockne still been during the helm in South Bend all those years, his organisation would have been usua! lly as s uccessful.

AFCA Division I-AA

Year Coach, School

1983 Rey Dempsey, Southern Illinois

1984 Dave Arnold, Montana State

1985 Dick Sheridan, Furman

1986 Erk Russell, Georgia Southern

1987 Mark Duffner, Holy Cross

1988 Jimmy Satterfield, Furman

1989 Erk Russell, Georgia Southern

1990 Tim Stowers, Georgia Southern

1991 Jim Tressel, Youngstown State

1992 Charlie Taaffe, The Citadel

1993 Dan Allen, Boston University

1994 Jim Tressel, Youngstown State

1995 Don Read, Montana

1996 Ray Tellier, Columbia

1997 Andy Talley, Villanova

1998 Mark Whipple, Massachusetts

1999 Paul Johnson, Georgia Southern

2000 Paul Johnson, Georgia Southern

2001 Bobby Johnson, Furman

2002 Jack Harbaugh, Western Kentucky

2003 Dick Biddle, Colgate

2004 Mickey Matthews, John Madison

2005 Jerry Moore, Appalachian St.

2006 Don Brown, Massachussetts

When it comes to streaking teams, Bud Wilkinsons Oklahoma Sooners of the late 1940s as good as early 1950s were the many unbeatable teams ever. Ever! Detractors pronounced the discussion was weak; the single "national title" came with the fool around loss; the 1956 organisation was prevented by the no-repeat order from personification in the Orange Bowl; it was the no-face-mask, no-blacks-need-apply time as good as place; the Sooners were regularly rumored to be underneath NCAA investigation for recruiting violations. How else, the small said, could the small propagandize in Norman get all these good players, many from Texas, to come fool around in the "Dust Bowl"? Maybe, yet all Wilkinson did was win. Besides, he courageously did confederate his module in the late 1950s, prolonged prior to it was finished in Tuscaloosa.

Wilkinson left coaching early to run for the Senate. He was the Republican. Today, he would win Oklahoma in the landslide. In 1964, he mislaid in the LBJ swe! eps. He became the TV analyst. Viewers were taken aback by his soft-spoken tone. In an age of Vince Lombardi as good as Bear Bryant, who could have football practices appear similar to Marine boot camp, it seemed difficult to believe somebody as respectful as good as quiet as Wilkinson could get his players to do what he did. But he certain did.

AFCA Division II

Year Coach, School

1983 Don Morton, North Dakota State

1984 Chan Gailey, Troy State

1985 George Landis, Bloomsburg

1986 Earle Solomonson, North Dakota State

1987 Rick Rhoades, Troy State

1988 Rocky Hager, North Dakota State

1989 John Williams, Mississippi College

1990 Rocky Hager, North Dakota State

1991 Chuck Broyles, Pittsburg State

1992 Bill Burgess, Jacksonville State

1993 Bobby Wallace, North Alabama

1994 Bobby Wallace, North Alabama

1995 Bobby Wallace, North Alabama

1996 Joe Glenn, Northern Colorado

1997 Joe Glenn, Northern Colorado

1998 Mel Tjeerdsma, Northwest Missouri State

1999 Mel Tjeerdsma, Northwest Missouri State

2000 Danny Hale, Bloomsburg

2001 Dale Lennon, North Dakota

2002 Brian Kelly, Grand Valley St.

2003 Brian Kelly, Grand Valley St.

TIE Mike Van Diest, Carroll (MT)

2004 Chris Hatcher, Valdosta St.

2005 Chuck Martin, Grand Valley St.

Joe Paterno pennyless Bryants career wins record, yet Bobby Bowden afterwards overtook Paterno. Jo Pa is the face of college football integrity. He seems to have finished it the right approach from the beginning, never removing in to difficulty with the NCAA, graduating his seniors, as good as with very, really couple of exceptions ever experiencing off-field problems. His players have enclosed Franco Harris, Mike Reid, Lydell Mitchell, John Capelletti as good as Ki-Jana Carter. He has dual inhabitant championships to his credit, yet in 1968, 1969, 1973 as good as 1994 the Nittany Lion! s were u nbeaten, unfastened as good as winning in bowls. Each time they were denied by the polls. He eventually won in 1982 though his many appropriate team, yet in 1986 Penn State got their shot during Miami in unfettered manner.

At the banquet the couple of nights prior to the game, Miamis Jerome Brown, ready to go similar to the Special Forces infantryman (dropped behind enemy lines to help the resistance in Laos, circa 1961), got up announcing, "Did the Japanee siddown to dinna quick thoughts Pearl Harba prior to dey bombed im? No. Fellas, lets go."

With that, the Miami football organisation over the room in the demeanour of the double secret probation Delta fraternity withdrawal whilst humming "Glory, excellence hallelujah" in Animal House. It was the defining moment, the single win in which the bully genius of Miami placed itself prior to the American public. While their performance upon the margin manifested itself as greatness, their comportment off it supposing visual evidence to all observing which as organisation they were unimpressive. At the same time, the tall category of Paterno as good as his organisation contrasted with the Canes. A couple of days after the universe rooted for Penn State, entertaining when they won it all, 14-10.

AFCA Division III

Year Coach, School

1983 Bob Reade, Augustana (IL)

1984 Bob Reade, Augustana (IL)

1985 Bob Reade, Augustana (IL)

1986 Bob Reade, Augustana (IL)

1987 Walt Hameline, Wagner

1988 Jim Butterfield, Ithaca

1989 Mike Kelly, Dayton

1990 Ken O'Keefe, Allegheny

1991 Jim Butterfield, Ithaca

1992 John Luckhardt, Wash. & Jeff.

1993 Larry Kehres, Mount Union

1994 Pete Schmidt, Albion

1995 Roger Harring, Wisconsin-La Crosse

1996 Larry Kehres, Mount Union

1997 Larry Kehres, Mount Union

1998 Larry Kehres, Mount Union

1999 Frosty Westering, Pacific Lutheran

2000 Larry Kehres, Mount Union

20 01 Larry Kehres, Mount Union

2002 Larry Kehres, Mount Union

2003 John Gagliardi, St. John's (MN)

2004 Jay Locey, Linfield

2005 Bob Berezowitz, Wisconsin-Whitewater

Bobby Bowden would be deliberate the many appropriate of all coaches had he knocked about Miami more. Had he finished that, he would have as many inhabitant titles as Bryant as good as McKay. He did not, so he does not. Then there is Howard "Head Man" Jones. He was taciturn as good as joyless. History does not shower him with the accolades of the Rockne or the Wilkinson. But theory what? He has some-more inhabitant championships than any of them. Jones won during Yale in 1908. At Iowa he did the near undoable: kick Rockne as good as Notre Dame. When USC went looking for the coach, perplexing for Rockne, Rock referred to Jones in his stead. That move, as good as the successive scheduling of the USC-Notre Dame rivalry, finished Southern Cal football. Jones won 5 bona fide inhabitant titles (1928, 1931, 1932, 1939 as well as his Yale title). There have been the small services which give his 1929 as good as 1933 teams the title, yet it is not deliberate bona fide (although it certain could be; they mislaid to Notre Dame by the single indicate in 1929, close them out in 1933; as good as kick unbeaten, unfastened Pitt by the measure frequency completed in those days: 47-14 in the 1930 Rose Bowl).

Whether Pop Warner is really the ninth many appropriate college football manager of all time is debatable. His jot down is highlighted by the actuality which he was partly obliged for giving America Jim Thorpe during Carlisle; proposed Pitts good tradition; completed the kind of success Stanford never really repeated; as good as is memorialized by the renouned youth league.

Eddie Robinson Award

Year Coach, School

1987 Mark Duffner, Holy Cross

1988 Bill Russo, Lafayette

1989 Erk Russell, Georgia Southern

1990 Gene McDowell, Central Florida!

1991 Chris Ault, Nevada

1992 Charlie Taaffe, Citadel

1993 Dan Allen, Boston University

1994 Jim Tressel, Youngstown State

1995 Houston Nutt, Murray State

1996 Darren Barbier, Nicholls State

1997 Andy Talley, Villanova

1998 Paul Johnson, Georgia Southern

1999 Mickey Matthews, James Madison

2000 Joe Glenn, Montana

2001 Pete Lembo, Lehigh

2002 Tommy Tate, McNeese State

2003 Mike Ayers, Wofford

2004 Jerry Kill, Southern Illinois

2005 Sean McDonnell, New Hampshire

Earl "Red" Blaik is fixed in the minds eye similar to the single of those presidents upon Mt. Rushmore. Unfortunately, Army football took the big strike upon his watch. A intrigue liaison involving his quarterback son forced West Point officials to de-emphasize football. With the exception of Pete Dawkinss 1958 Heisman it has never recovered.

(An interesting in reserve to the Army liaison occurred around the same time during The Citadel. Al Davis literally connived his approach onto The Citadels coaching staff by the doctored resume. When the head coaching vacancy occurred, Davis lobbied for it similar to Al Gore angling for the Academy Award. Davis was upon the verge of being dismissed since his questionable recruiting practices were the reason the job was open in the initial place. That did not stop Davis from carrying the chutzpah to impetus in to the office of Citadel Provost General Mark Clark perfectionist which he be hired even yet he was hardly comparison than the cadets. Clark, who had liberated Italy in 1944, demurred. "Dont we wish to win?" asked Davis. Clark, who knew the price of victory similar to couple of organisation upon the face of the Earth, replied softly, "Yes, yet not during any cost.")

Ara Parseghian would expected be ranked aloft if he had coached longer, reckoning out the approach to kick John McKay as good as USC some-more than once after his Irish derailed Troy, 51-0 in 1966. The "Era of Ara" eas! y Notre Dame to glory. Many pronounced the propagandize could not contest in the brand brand new . . . epoch . . . of inhabitant recruiting, television, big money, as good as administrators similar to Oklahoma University president George Cross (1948-1968), who once stated, "I would similar to to build the university which the football organisation could be proud of."

Darrell Royal "walked upon water" during Texas, yet he would have treaded the small further out upon the sea had his Longhorns knocked about Notre Dame in the 1971 Cotton Bowl. Then there is Barry Switzer, who was as opposite from Bud Wilkinson as he could be in each approach solely one: his OU teams won in the demeanour as considerable as Buds. Switzer took over from Chuck Fairbanks, who re-built Oklahoma after the couple of down years, removing them within the couple of inches of the betrothed land in 1971. Barry "parted the Red Sea, albeit illegally by NCAA standards. His 1974 *national champions have been asterisked by the big, fat probation, keeping em out of fool around action. Switzer repeated the attainment though sanctions in 1975. His boys were behind in the series the single in front of in 1985, afterwards fell usually bashful the subsequent year. He took over during Dallas when Jimmy Johnson left, winning the Super Bowl. Barry was the good-lookin son of the gun who did not thoughts doin the small bit the drinkin during OU frat parties, maybe even favoring the coed or dual with his wisdom. When asked his plan prior to the diversion he usually as expected would reply, "Lets hang half the hun upon em," as in half of 100 points (fifty).

The anti-Switzer was Nebraskas Tom Osborne. There is not many to contend about Tom solely he won all the time; mislaid as good many to OU as good as in fool around games; afterwards kick everybody all the time in the 1990s, period. He had no good quotes, told no funny stories. The percentage of votes he gathered as the Republican Congressman representing Nebraska was usually somewhat below wha! t Saddam Hussein used to get in his salad days. Eventually his drab personality proposed to wear thin, even with Nebraskans.

Walter Camp of Yale was the "father of college football." He proposed the picking of All-American teams. Wallace Wade is the many appropriate manager we never listened of. Wade led Alabama to 3 inhabitant championships (1925, 1926, 1930). He took over during Duke as good as had the Blue Demons seconds away from an unbeaten, untied, unscored upon deteriorate in 1938. USCs Doyle Knave spoiled the celebration with the winning touchdown pass to Al Kreuger. Wade was about as graceful in improved as Osama Bin Laden when the Taliban collapsed, yet the couple of years after he was in the Navy with Nave. He expressed good indebtedness for the Trojan quarterback.

Georgia Techs Bobby Dodd was the idealisation category act; so many so which Bear Bryant counted him as the manager he many admired. He would have been many improved well known had he integrated Yellow Jacket football in the 1950s around the same time Bud Wilkinson was doing usually which during Oklahoma. Vince Dooley could have been inaugurated Governor of Georgia, yet he usually won the single inhabitant championship (1980). He was there the prolonged time as good as regularly came in with the good team, yet his jot down was overshadowed by dual things: (a) Bear Bryant during opposition Alabama, as good as (b) warding off to fool around any games including bowls north of the Mason-Dixon Line after 1965.

Pete Carroll was the head manager with dual NFL teams in the 1990s. He was USCs fourth or fifth choice to take over, carrying been being dismissed in New York as good as afterwards by New England. The list of coaches whose jot down in their initial 6 seasons equals Carroll is as reduced as Knute Rockne, Frank Leahy, Bud Wilkinson, as good as Bear Bryant. Thats pretty good company. At this rate (two inhabitant championships, the 34-game winning streak, 3 Heismans, the series the single recruiting category each year), he! will pi erce up the ladder faster than the firefighter with swift boots.

Jock Sutherland is an additional the single of those guys, similar to Ara Parseghian (John McKay), Tom Osborne (Barry Switzer) as good as Bobby Bowden (Jimmy Johnson, Dennis Erickson) who would be rated the lot aloft if he had not had to contend with (Howard Jones and) USC in dual Rose Bowls (1930, 1933). Combined Pitt teams of 17-0-2 were knocked about by total Jones teams by total scores of 82-14. He eventually won the Rose Bowl when the PCC mercifully sent Washington instead of Troy. In 1937 he common the inhabitant pretension with California.

Gil Dobie single-handedly finished the Pacific Northwest "football central" when his Washington Huskies went 63 games in in in between waste in in in between November 21, 1907 as good as November 3, 1917. For those of we in <ED: A RUSH LIMBAUGH TERM> Rio Linda, thats usually dual weeks bashful of the decade.

Somehow, Andy Smith of California faded in to memory, overshadowed by contemporaries Pop Warner, Knute Rockne, Howard Jones, as good as Bob Zuppke. He died early, his remains scattered from an transport over Memorial Stadium. His "Wonder Teams" went fifty games though the detriment in in in between 1920 as good as 1925. USC manager Elmer "Gloomy Gus" Henderson was dismissed since he could not kick Smith, even yet his winning percentage was roughly ninety percent. How Cal wishes they could get the stream USC manager for the same reason!

Red Sanders competence have been the single of the all-time greats. He won UCLAs usually inhabitant championship in 1954, famously stating, "The USC-UCLA diversion is not the make a difference of hold up as good as death. Its some-more critical than that." A Southern good ol boy who took to California in style, winning with black athletes by the bushel, Sanders was the kind of full of color personality frequency seen in sanitized times.

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